07/01/2008
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The report, Retooling for an Aging America: Building the Health Care Workforce, calls for bold initiatives starting immediately to train all health care providers in the basics of geriatric care and to prepare family members and other informal caregivers, who currently receive little or no training in how to tend to their aging loved ones. Medicare, Medicaid, and other health plans should pay higher rates to boost recruitment and retention of geriatric specialists and care aides, said the committee that wrote the report.
The committee set a target date of 2030 -- the year by which all baby boomers will have turned 65 or older -- for the necessary reforms to take place.
-- "Impending Crisis"
-- Work Force Shortage Threatens Quality of Care
-- All Providers Should Be Competent in Geriatric Care
-- Higher Salaries, Financial Incentives Needed
-- Family Members, Other Informal Caregivers Need Training
-- Medicare Hinders Delivery of Quality Care
"We face an impending crisis as the growing number of older patients, who are living longer with more complex health needs, increasingly outpaces the number of health care providers with the knowledge and skills to care for them capably," said committee chair John W. Rowe, professor of health policy and management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City. "The sheer number of older patients in the coming years will require trying new models for delivering health care and the commitment of greater financial resources," he added. "If our aging family members and friends are to live as robustly as they can and in the best health possible, we must have a work force of adequate size and competency to take care of them."
Work force shortage threatens quality of care
Several reports show an overall shortage of health care workers in all fields, but the situation is worse in geriatric care because it attracts fewer specialists than other disciplines and experiences high turnover rates among direct-care workers -- nurse aides, home health aides, and personal care aides. For example, there are just over 7,100 physicians certified in geriatrics in the United States today -- one per every 2,500 older Americans. Turnover among nurse aides averages 71 percent annually, and up to 90 percent of home health aides leave their jobs within the first two years.
Older adults as a group are healthier and live longer today than previous generations, the report notes. Even so, individuals over 65 tend to have more complex conditions and health care needs than younger patients. The average 75-year-old American has three chronic conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension, and uses four or more prescription medications, the committee found. Dementia, osteoporosis, sensory impairment, and other age-related conditions present health care providers with challenges they do not often encounter when tending to younger patients.
All providers should be competent in geriatric care
Virtually all health care providers treat older patients to some extent during their careers -- and likely will do so even more frequently given that one in five Americans will be 65 or older by 2030 -- so they need a minimal level of competence in geriatric care, the committee concluded. Health care workers should be required to demonstrate competence in basic geriatric care to maintain their licenses and certifications. All health professional schools and health care training programs should expand coursework and training in the treatment of older individuals.
To deliver care more efficiently and alleviate the shortage of adequately trained workers, the report calls on the health care professions and regulators to consider expanding the roles and responsibilities of health care providers at various levels of training. For example, if a certified nursing assistant is able to administer certain medications, a professional nurse would have more time to concentrate on more complex patient needs. Additional research is needed on how to prepare health care workers to assume expanded roles, the committee noted.
Because insufficient training can leave direct-care workers unprepared for the demands of their jobs and lead to high turnover rates, the federally required minimum number of hours of training for direct-care workers should be raised from 75 to at least 120. More training is required for dog groomers and manicurists than direct-care workers in many parts of the country, the report notes.
Higher salaries, financial incentives needed
While the number of older patients is rapidly increasing, the number of certified geriatric specialists is declining. Medicare, Medicaid, and other health plans need to pay more for the services of geriatric specialists and direct-care workers to attract more health professionals to geriatric careers and to stanch turnover among care aides, many of whom earn wages below the poverty level.
Salaries of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and others who specialize in geriatric care lag behind those of their counterparts in other fields. A geriatrician earned $163,000 on average in 2005 compared with $175,000 for a general internist, despite the extra years of training required for a geriatric career. Physicians who choose dermatology can earn over $300,000 a year. Registered nurses who work in nursing homes or other long-term care facilities earn less on average than their counterparts, despite working longer hours with more overtime. Medicare's low reimbursement rate for primary care is the foremost reason that geriatric specialists earn lower salaries, given that so much of their income comes from the government program. Medicare should increase its reimbursement rates for services delivered by geriatric specialists, the report urges.
Direct-care workers are more likely to lack health insurance and use food stamps than workers in other fields. The median wage for direct-care workers in 2005 was $9.56 an hour. To boost wages, states should allocate funds to be added to the Medicaid payments that cover the majority of services provided by direct-care workers, the committee stated.
Family members, other informal caregivers need training
The report calls for health care facilities, community organizations, and other public and private groups to offer training programs to help family members, friends, and other informal caregivers provide proper assistance to their loved ones and to alleviate the stress they may feel in coping with an older friend's or relative's needs. Health professionals should regard patients and informal caregivers as an integral part of the health care team, the committee added.
Between 29 million and 52 million family members, friends, and others tend to aging parents or other older individuals. More than 90 percent of older adults who receive care at home rely in part on informal caregivers and nearly 80 percent rely solely on family or friends. However, little is done to ensure informal caregivers have the necessary knowledge and skills.
State attorneys general should recognize training programs for unpaid caregivers as a way that nonprofit hospitals could meet their requirement to provide benefits to their local communities in exchange for their tax-exempt status. In addition, federal agencies should support the advancement of assistive technologies that can help older patients manage their conditions and handle the basic activities of daily life and also can help informal caregivers take care of their loved ones.
Medicare hinders delivery of quality care
Although a comprehensive examination of Medicare was not the focus of this study, the committee noted several ways that the program hinders the provision of quality care to older adults, including Medicare's low reimbursement rates, its focus on treating short-term health problems rather than managing chronic conditions or age-related syndromes, and its lack of coverage for preventive services or for health care providers' time spent collaborating with a patient's other providers.
Medicare and other public and private insurance plans need to remove disincentives that prevent health care providers from adopting new models of care delivery -- such as interdisciplinary team care -- that could improve patients' health and lower costs, the report says. The committee acknowledged the complexities of making changes to Medicare and the financial crisis facing the program, which is predicted to run out of money by 2019. It was beyond the committee's purview to recommend a detailed plan for how to re-engineer Medicare.
The study was sponsored by the John A. Hartford Foundation, Atlantic Philanthropies, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Retirement Research Foundation, California Endowment, Archstone Foundation, AARP, Fan Fox and Leslie R. Samuels Foundation, and Commonwealth Fund. Established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine provides independent, objective, evidence-based advice to policymakers, health professionals, the private sector, and the public. The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council make up the National Academies.
Additional information on the report can be found at http://www.iom.edu/agingAmerica. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above). In addition, a podcast of the public briefing held to release this report is available at http://national-academies.org/podcast.
Source: Medical News Today
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